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 | | Native American shamans, or medicine men, summoned supernatural powers to treat the mentally ill, incorporating rituals of atonement and purification.
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 | | Witchcraft and demonic possession were common explanations for mental illness. The Salem witchcraft trials sentenced nineteen people to hanging.
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 | | Puritan clergyman, Cotton Mather (1663-1728), broke with superstition by advancing physical explanations for mental illnesses.
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 | | Benjamin Rush (1745-1813) became one of the earliest advocates of humane treatment for the mentally ill with the publication of Medical Inquiries and Observations Upon Diseases of the Mind, the first American textbook of psychiatry.
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There were approximately 24 hospitals–totaling only 2,561 beds–available for treating mental illness in the United States.
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Manic depressive Clifford Beers (1876-1943) wrote The Mind That Found Itself, an account of his experience as a mental patient which vividly describes the cruelty that was the norm of institutional care. Beers went on to found the National Committee for Mental Hygiene, predecessor to today's National Mental Health Association.
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 | | Sigmund Freud visited America and lectured on psychoanalysis at Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts.
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Emil Kraepelin first describes Alzheimer's Disease.
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The American Psychoanalytic Association ruled that only individuals who have completed medical school and a psychiatric residency can become candidates for psychoanalytic training.
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Harry Stack Sullivan's ward for schizophrenic patients at Sheppard-Pratt Hospital demonstrates the impact of a therapeutic milieu when patients are able to be returned to the community.
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Psychiatrists began to inject insulin to induce shock and temporary coma as a treatment for schizophrenia.
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Egas Moniz published an account of the first human frontal lobotomy. Between 1936 and the mid-1950s, an estimated twenty thousand of these surgical procedures were performed on American mental patients.
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 | | Electrotherapy (applying electric current to the brain) was first used in American hospitals to treat mental illnesses.
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Fountain House in NYC begins psychiatric rehabilitation for mentally ill persons.
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The first conventional antipsychotic drug, chlorpromazine, was introduced to treat patients with schizophrenia and other major mental disorders.
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Conventional antipsychotic drugs, such as haloperidol, were first used to control outward ("positive") symptoms of psychosis, bringing a significant measure of calm and order to previously noisy and chaotic psychiatric wards.
Lithium revolutionized the treatment of manic depression.
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 | | 422,000 individuals were hospitalized for psychiatric care in the United States.
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Mass deinstitutionalization began. Patients and their families were left to their own resources due to lack of outpatient programs for rehabilitation and reintegration back into society.
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Rise of managed care–short-stay hospitalization with community treatment became the standard of care for mental illness.
Carol Anderson and Gerald Hogarty publish treatment model of family psychoeducation in schizophrenia - reduces relapse by over 50%.
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The first serotonin dopamine antagonist was introduced for patients with treatment resistant/intolerant schizophrenia.
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 | | Brain imaging is used to learn more about the development of major mental illnesses.
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The 1st first-line of the atypical antipsychotic drugs, is introduced. It is the 1st new first-line antipsychotic drug in almost 20 years.
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Researchers identify genetic links to polar disorder, suggesting that the disease is inherited.
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